Zaman Edo: Daga Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki zuwa Mafi kyawun Abincin da Baku taɓa gwadawa ba

About the Author: Joost Nusselder, marubucin littafin girke-girken abinci mai mahimmanci na Jafananci An sabunta Agusta 23, 2022

Zaman Edo lokaci ne na zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a Japan bayan shekaru na yakin basasa. Ya fara a 1603 kuma ya ƙare a 1868.

Zaman Edo kuma ana kiransa da lokacin Tokugawa, wanda aka yi wa suna bayan shogun Tokugawa Leyasu wanda ya mulki Japan daga 1603 zuwa 1605. Ana kuma san shi da “lokacin Edo” domin babban birni shi ne Edo, yanzu ana kiransa Tokyo.

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Gano Matsalolin Zamanin Edo na Japan

Zaman Edo, wanda kuma aka fi sani da zamanin Tokugawa, ya fara ne a shekara ta 1603 kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa 1868. Lokaci ne na zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a Japan, wanda aka yi alama da ƙarfafa ikon 'yan tawaye da kuma ƙarshen yakin basasa da ya addabi al'ummar Japan. kasar shekaru aru-aru. A wannan lokacin, shogun, ko shugaban mulkin soja, yana da cikakken iko a jihar, sai kuma daimyo, ko sarakunan yanki, waɗanda ke da alhakin gudanar da yankunansu.

Tashin Shogunate

Zaman Edo ya fara ne da harbin da aka yi a ƙarƙashin ikon dangin Tokugawa, waɗanda suka kafa katangarsu a Edo, wanda yanzu ake kira Tokyo. Ƙarfin shogunate ya dogara ne akan tsarin ƙawancen ƙawance da alaƙa tsakanin shogun, daimyo, da kotun sarki. Kokarin da ‘yan bindigar suka yi na mayar da kasar karkashin ikonta kai tsaye daga karshe ya kai ga rarraba jama’a zuwa nau’ukan zamantakewa guda hudu, tare da samurai a sama da kuma manoma a kasa.

Canje-canjen Siyasa da Feudal

A lokacin Edo, Japan ta sami manyan canje-canje na siyasa da feudal. Mulkin Shogunate yana da tsari mai tsauri, tare da shogun a sama da daimyo da yankunansu a ƙasa. Har ila yau ’yan bindigar sun yi kokarin kara samar da noman cikin gida da kuma kula da noman shinkafar kasar, wadanda aka kafa a matsayin kashin bayan tattalin arziki. Kokarin da ‘yan bindigar suka yi na mayar da kasar karkashin ikonta kai tsaye daga karshe ya kai ga rarraba jama’a zuwa nau’ukan zamantakewa guda hudu, tare da samurai a sama da kuma manoma a kasa.

Ci gaban Fasaha na Zamanin Edo

Lokacin Edo lokaci ne na haɓaka ayyukan tattalin arziki da fasaha a Japan. Keɓewar ƙasar daga waje ya ba ta damar haɓaka fasahohi da dama da suka haɗa da ƙirƙirar sabbin abinci waɗanda suka samo asali a lokacin Edo. Har ila yau, lokacin ya ga bullo da tasirin kasashen yamma, gami da daukar sabbin harsuna da kuma amfani da dabarun soja na zamani.

Ƙarshen Zaman Edo

Zaman Edo ya ƙare a cikin 1868 tare da Maidowa Meiji, wanda ke nuna cikakken canji a tsarin siyasa da zamantakewa na Japan. Maido da Meiji ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin shogunate kuma ya dawo da sarki kan karagar mulki. Lokacin ya kasance lokacin babban canji kuma ya nuna farkon zamanin yau na Japan.

Tashin Shogunate zuwa Ƙarfi

Zaman Edo wata al'umma ce ta feudal, tare da tsayayyen tsarin aji. A saman akwai samurai, waɗanda suke ajin mayaka kuma suna hidimar shogun. A ƙasansu akwai ƴan kasuwa, ƴan kasuwa, masu sana'a, da manoma. Samurai sune kashin bayan iko da iko na Shogunate, kuma an ba su gata na musamman da keɓewa daga haraji.

Tsarin Han da Tozama Daimyo

Shogunate ya kuma aiwatar da tsarin han, wanda ya raba Japan zuwa yankuna sama da 250. Kowane yanki an yi shi da wani daimyo, wanda ya kasance ubangidan feudal. An kasu daimyo gida biyu: fudai daimyo, masu biyayya ga shogun, da tozama daimyo, wadanda ba haka ba. Ana kallon tozama daimyo a matsayin wata barazana ga karfin iko da ikon ’yan bindigar, kuma ’yan bindigar sun yi kokarin ganin sun mayar da su karkashinta.

Tsarin Koku da Tsarin Mulki

Shogunate ya kuma aiwatar da tsarin koku, wanda tsarin haraji ne bisa yawan shinkafar da ake nomawa a kowane yanki. Wannan tsarin ya ba da damar shogunate don tattara haraji da kuma kula da yankunan yanki. Shogunate kuma yana da tsarin mulki, wanda ya kunshi jami'an da shogun ya nada. Tsarin mulki ya taimaka wa shogunate don kiyaye ikonsa da ikonsa a kan Japan.

Gadon Ƙarfafa Shogunate

Ƙarfafa ikon shogunate a lokacin Edo yana da tasiri mai dorewa a Japan. Tsarin feudal da ajin samurai sun ci gaba da wanzuwa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19, kuma ana iya ganin gadon ikon shogunate akan Japan a yau. Masana tarihi sun ci gaba da yin nazarin lokacin Edo da ƙarfafa ikon Shogunate a matsayin muhimmin lokaci a tarihin Japan.

• Shogunaate ya ƙarfafa ikon ta hanyar tsarin han, tsarin koku, da tsarin mulki
• Ajin samurai shine kashin bayan iko da iko na shogunate
• Ana ganin tozama daimyo a matsayin barazana ga ikon shogunate kuma an kai su karkashin ikonta
• Ana iya ganin gadon haɗin gwiwar shogunate a Japan a yau

Alakar Kasuwancin Waje: Kofar Japan Zuwa Duniya

Nagasaki, dake kudancin kasar Japan, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a huldar cinikayyar kasashen waje ta Japan a lokacin Edo. Shi ne birni daya tilo da aka amince da cinikin kasashen waje, kuma a nan ne 'yan kasar Holand, wadanda su ne kasar Yamma daya tilo da aka amince da cinikayya da Japan, suka kafa. Yaren mutanen Holland sun sami damar kafa wurin zama na musamman a Nagasaki, bayan da aka ba su izinin gina wurin kasuwanci da wurin ajiya a cikin birnin. An kuma ba su izinin zama a wurin, wanda ya taimaka musu wajen fahimtar da su Al'adun Japan da kuma al'umma.

Yaren mutanen Holland da dangantakar kasuwancin su da Japan

Yaren mutanen Holland su ne kawai ƙasashen yammacin da aka yarda su yi kasuwanci da Japan a lokacin Edo. An yi la'akari da su a matsayin wani lamari na musamman saboda ana ganin suna da irin wannan nau'i na gwamnati da na Japan, tare da karfi mai karfi na tsakiya mai kula da kasuwanci a kasashen waje. Mutanen Holland sun sami damar ƙulla dangantaka mai kyau da hukumomin Japan, kuma sun iya ba wa Japan kayayyaki da dama, da suka haɗa da littattafai, taswirori, da kayan aikin kimiyya. Har ila yau, sun iya taimaka wa Japan su koyi game da fadin duniya, ta hanyar ba da bayanai game da wasu ƙasashe da kuma al'adunsu.

Fair da Bay

Kogin Nagasaki shine kawai wurin da aka bari jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje su tsaya a lokacin Edo. Sunan bakin tekun Dejima, kuma tsibiri ne da mutum ya yi wanda aka gina shi da siffar fanka. Yaren mutanen Holland ne kawai aka yarda su yi amfani da wannan yanki don kasuwanci. Baje kolin wani taron ne da aka saba gudanarwa a birnin Nagasaki, inda 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje za su iya zuwa su sayar da kayayyakinsu ga Japanawa. Bikin baje kolin wani muhimmin lamari ne ga Jafanawa, domin ya basu damar koyo sabbin kayayyaki da fasahohi daga sassan duniya.

Ginin Dejima

An gina Dejima a shekara ta 1634 a matsayin wata hanya ta sarrafa kasuwancin waje da kuma mayar da Japan saniyar ware daga sauran kasashen duniya. An gina tsibirin a tsakiyar Nagasaki Bay kuma an kewaye shi da ruwa ta kowane bangare. Yaren mutanen Holland ne kawai aka yarda su gina a tsibirin, kuma an ba su izinin gina gine-gine na asali. Da shigewar lokaci, tsibirin ya girma kuma an ƙara ƙarin gine-gine a cikinsa. Sakamakon sulhu ya zama ƙaramin garin Holland a tsakiyar Nagasaki.

Matsayin zane-zane a cikin fahimtar ciniki

A lokacin Edo, an yi amfani da zane-zane don taimakawa mutane su fahimci kasuwancin waje. An haɗa waɗannan zane-zane a cikin littattafai kuma an yi amfani da su don bayyana wasu fannoni na cinikin waje. An kuma yi amfani da su wajen taimaka wa mutane sanin sunayen kasashe daban-daban da kayayyakinsu. Zane-zane sun kasance kayan aiki mai mahimmanci ga Jafananci, saboda sun taimaka musu su fahimci duniya fiye da iyakokinsu.

Dangantakar cinikayyar kasashen waje ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen zamanantar da kasar Japan a lokacin Edo. Bude cinikayya da kasashen ketare ya taimaka wa kasar Japan wajen samun sabbin kayayyaki da fasahohi, ya kuma taimaka wajen shirya kasar don fuskantar kalubalen wannan zamani.

Ci gaban Tattalin Arzikin Zaman Edo Japan

A lokacin Edo, Japan ta sami gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki, wanda ya haifar da sabuwar hanyar rayuwa ga jama'arta. Wannan ci gaban ya samo asali ne daga tsarin mulki na gwamnati mai cike da rudani, wanda ya sa ido kan karfafa karfin iko da fadada kasuwanci da kasuwanci. A cikin wannan sashe, za mu yi la'akari da ci gaban tattalin arziki daban-daban da aka samu a lokacin Edo.

Ƙara yawan noman shinkafa

Shinkafa ita ce babbar hanyar kuɗi a lokacin Edo, kuma samar da ita yana da mahimmanci ga wadata da buƙatar tattalin arzikin Japan. Gwamnatin ta saka haraji kan noman shinkafa, wanda ya haifar da karuwar wadatar shinkafa. Wannan karuwar noman ta haifar da bullar sabbin kasuwannin shinkafa, wanda ake sayar wa jama’a kai tsaye. Hakan ya sa shinkafar ta zama mai araha da kuma isa ga jama’a.

Gina da Ci gaban Birane

Gina gine-gine da sauran gine-gine wani muhimmin bangare ne na ci gaban tattalin arzikin Edo. Gwamnatin ta yi kakkausar suka ta karfafa gina sabbin gine-gine da fadada birane, wanda ya haifar da bullar sabbin birane. Wannan fadada garuruwan ya haifar da karuwar jigilar kayayyaki da kasuwanci, a cikin gida da kuma kasashen waje.

Hanyoyin Ƙirƙirar Ƙwararru

Mutanen Japan sun haɓaka hanyoyin samar da ci gaba a lokacin Edo, wanda ya haifar da ƙirƙirar kayayyaki masu inganci waɗanda suka shahara a duniya. Wasu misalan waɗannan kayayyaki sun haɗa da:

• Sana’ar hannu: Jama’ar Japan sun ɓullo da dabaru na musamman don kera sana’o’in hannu masu inganci, irin su tukwane, masaku, da lacquerware.
• Abinci: Lokacin Edo ya ga fitowar sabbin kayan abinci, irin su sushi da tempura, waɗanda har yanzu suna shahara a yau.
• Bugawa: Kwafin Jafananci, wanda aka sani da ukiyo-e, ya shahara a duniya a lokacin Edo.

Kayayyakin Banki da Kasuwanci

Samuwar sabbin wuraren banki da kasuwanci a lokacin Edo sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Japan. Gwamnatin ta hamshakiyar ta kafa sabbin tsarin banki tare da kula da ci gaban kungiyoyin ‘yan kasuwa, wadanda suka taimaka wajen daidaita ciniki da kasuwanci. Wasu misalan waɗannan wuraren sun haɗa da:

• Osaka: Osaka ta fito a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci da kasuwanci a lokacin Edo, tare da nata gungun 'yan kasuwa da tsarin banki.
• Kyoto: Kyoto an san shi da sana'o'in hannu masu inganci kuma cibiyar nazarin kimiyyar Confucian da Buddha ce.

Fitowar Tsarin Han

Tsarin han ya kasance mafi rinjayen tsarin gwamnati a lokacin Edo, wanda kowane han yana mulkin daimyo. Daimyo ne ke da alhakin sa ido kan ci gaban tattalin arzikin hannunsu, wanda ya haifar da bullar nau'ikan tattalin arziki daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan azuzuwan an san su da riko da bushido, lambar girmamawa ta samurai. Tsarin han ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arzikin Japan ta hanyar sa ido kan faɗaɗa kasuwanci da kasuwanci.

Abincin Edo Lokacin Abinci: Tafiya Mai Dadi Ta Lokaci

Babu shakka, shinkafa ita ce abincin da aka fi amfani da shi a zamanin Edo. An shirya ta ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar su tururi, dafaffe, da gasassu. Soya sauce babban bangare ne na abinci, kuma ana amfani da shi don ƙara dandano ga shinkafar. Naman sa kuma abinci ne mai mahimmanci, amma ba shi da araha kamar shinkafa. Miso miyar ita ce wani abincin da aka saba ci da shinkafa.

Daban-daban na Abincin teku

Tare da yalwar abincin teku daga bakin teku, mazaunan zamanin Edo sun ji daɗin jita-jita iri-iri. Wasu shahararrun jita-jita na abincin teku waɗanda suka samo asali a wannan zamanin sun haɗa da sushi, tempura, da gasasshen kifi. Abin sha'awa, whale shima nau'in nau'in abincin teku ne da ake dafawa kuma ana jin daɗinsa. Busasshen kifi da kifi mai gishiri suma abincin ciye-ciye ne na yau da kullun waɗanda mutane ke jin daɗinsu.

Gabatarwar Sabbin Abinci

Dangantakar kasuwancin waje a lokacin Edo ya ga gabatarwar sabbin abinci ga Japan. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan gabatarwar shine giya, wanda ya zama abin sha a cikin mutane. An gabatar da noodles na buckwheat, wanda ake kira soba, a wannan lokacin kuma ya zama abinci mai mahimmanci a yankin. Inari sushi, wani nau'in sushi ne da aka toshe shi da ɗanyen wake, shi ma an gabatar da shi a wannan lokacin.

Abubuwan ciye-ciye masu haɓakawa da masu ɗaukar nauyi

Baya ga kayan abinci na yau da kullun, lokacin Edo ya ga ƙaddamar da sabbin kayan ciye-ciye da kayan ciye-ciye. Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun abincin ciye-ciye da ya samo asali a wannan zamanin ana kiransa "sushi yanke da tsaye," wanda shine sushi mai siffar rectangular wanda ke da sauƙin ci a kan tafiya. Wani sanannen abun ciye-ciye shi ne busasshen namomin kaza, waɗanda suke da daɗi da daɗi.

Alkawari zuwa Abincin Edo

Abincin lokacin Edo ya kasance shaida ga yawan girbin teku da kuma sabon ruhin mutane. Daban-daban nau'ikan abinci da aka shirya kuma aka ji daɗin wannan lokacin suna ci gaba da kasancewa babban ɓangare na Kayan abincin Jafananci a yau.

Kammalawa

Zaman Edo lokaci ne na zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali a Japan, wanda aka yi masa alama ta hanyar ƙarfafa iko da kuma ƙarshen yakin basasa. Ya fara ne a cikin 1603 kuma ya kasance har zuwa 1868, lokacin da Meiji Restoration ya kawo ƙarshen Shogunate kuma ya nuna farkon zamanin yau a Japan. Don haka, idan kuna sha'awar tarihin Jafananci, lokacin Edo babban lokaci ne don yin karatu.

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Joost Nusselder, wanda ya kafa Bite My Bun shine mai siyar da abun ciki, uba kuma yana son gwada sabon abinci tare da abincin Jafananci a tsakiyar sha'awar sa, kuma tare da tawagarsa yana kirkirar labaran blog mai zurfi tun daga 2016 don taimakawa masu karatu masu aminci. tare da girke -girke da nasihun girki.