Chikhalidwe Chachi China: Kawonedwe ka Chigawo ndi Kakhalidwe ka Anthu

Author: Joost Nusselder, wolemba buku la The Essential Japanese mealner cookbook Ndasinthidwa August 26, 2022

Chikhalidwe cha ku China chakhudza kwambiri dziko lapansi ndipo chafalikira ku Asia konse. Ndi zolembedwa zambiri za miyambo ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zasintha kwa zaka masauzande.

Chikhalidwe cha ku China chinayamba kufalikira ku Asia nthawi yakale, pamene Khoma Lalikulu la China linamangidwa. Unali umboni wa mphamvu za anthu aku China komanso kuthekera kwawo kuwongolera zinthu zamadzi.

Tiyeni tiwone momwe chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina chinayambira komanso momwe chinafalikira ku Asia konse.

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Chikhalidwe Chodabwitsa cha Chikhalidwe cha China ku Asia

Chikhalidwe cha China chili ndi gawo lalikulu m'mbiri ya Asia, kuyambira zaka masauzande. Kumangidwa kwa Khoma Lalikulu la China ndi umboni wa miyambo yakale ya anthu aku China. M'mayiko apansi, anthu a ku China anali ndi mphamvu zambiri pamadzi, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale mapangidwe apadera a zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga. Anthu a ku China anayambitsanso kalembedwe kameneka kamene kanakhudza kwambiri magulu ena a ku Asia.

Kufalikira kwa Chikhalidwe cha China

Chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina chinayamba kufalikira ku Asia konse m'nthawi yakale, kutsatiridwa ndi nthawi yodziwika bwino ya Mzera wa Tang. Magulu osiyanasiyana ku Asia adatengera chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina mwanjira yawoyawo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yambirimbiri yamitundu yaku China. Njira yophunzirira ku China inali yovuta, koma inachititsa kuti pakhale chidziŵitso chochuluka chimene chinaperekedwa m’zaka mazana ambiri.

Udindo wa Chikhalidwe cha China ku Asia Masiku Ano

Chikhalidwe cha ku China chikugwirabe ntchito ku Asia yamakono, makamaka pazakudya, zaluso, ndi kapangidwe. Anthu aku China adakhazikitsa mulingo wowongolera kwathunthu komanso wowona pazinthu zamapangidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zidutswa zokongola komanso zogwira ntchito. Anthu a ku China analinso ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha ku Korea, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wachikhalidwe pakati pa anthu a ku China ndi a ku Korea.

Mtsinje wa Yellow ndi Chikhalidwe cha China

Mtsinje wa Yellow unathandiza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha China. Mtsinjewo unkapereka madzi othirira, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu a ku China azilima mbewu komanso kukhala ndi chuma chambiri chaulimi. Mtsinjewo udathandizanso pakupanga zojambulajambula ndi zolemba zachi China, popeza ndakatulo ndi zojambula zambiri za ku China zikuwonetsa zochitika zapamtsinje.

Kuvuta Kwambiri Kuphunzira Chikhalidwe Chachi China

Kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina kungakhale kovuta, chifukwa kumaphatikizapo luso la malingaliro ndi malingaliro ovuta. Komabe, mulingo wotulukapo wa chidziŵitso ndi kumvetsetsa uli woyenereradi kuyesayesa. Chikhalidwe cha China chakhudza kwambiri Asia ndi dziko lapansi, ndipo chikupitirizabe kukhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la chikhalidwe cha padziko lonse lapansi.

The Geographical Divisions of Chinese Culture: Kuwona Zokhudza Zigawo

Chikhalidwe chakale cha ku China chimadziwika ndi mibadwo yake yayikulu komanso yotalikirapo, nyengo iliyonse ikuyimira nthawi yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yaku China. Mafumu a Ming ndi Qing ndi omwe amatenga zaka zambiri, ndipo zotsalira zawo zomanga zimatha kuwonekabe m'magawo ambiri aku China. Dera la Huizhou ku Southern Anhui limadziwika chifukwa cha zomanga zake zapadera, ndi nyumba zogona zomwe zidamangidwa nthawi ya Ming ndi Qing. Mabanja olemera m’derali anatuluka m’nthawi ya ulamuliro waufumu, ndipo ankalamulira malo ambiri. Zotsalira zomanga m'derali zimayendetsedwa ndi anthu wamba ndi asitikali a mayeso achifumu, omwe adayesa kuthetsa chikhalidwe cha feudalism.

• Chigawo cha Huizhou ku Southern Anhui chimadziwika chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake apadera
• Nyumba zogona zidamangidwa munthawi ya Ming ndi Qing
• Mabanja olemera adatuluka nthawi ya feudalism ndipo amalamulira malo ambiri
• Zotsalira zomanga m'derali zimayendetsedwa ndi anthu wamba komanso asitikali a mayeso a mfumu

Kuchokera kwa Achinyamata kupita kwa Ogwira Ntchito: Chisinthiko cha Chinese Social Structure

Chikhalidwe cha anthu aku China nthawi zonse chakhala chikudziwika ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso utsogoleri. M'masiku oyambirira a chitukuko cha China, chikhalidwe cha anthu chinali chodziwika kwambiri ndi ntchito ya munthu, ndipo ambiri mwa anthuwa anali alimi ndi amisiri. Chuma chaulimi chinali msana wa anthu aku China, ndipo kuweta kwa zomera ndi zinyama kunalola kuti midzi yokhazikika ikhale yokhazikika komanso kukula kwa mizinda.

Middle Kingdom ndi Gulu Logwira Ntchito

Pamene dziko la China linakula kukhala dziko lolemera kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma 20, kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika m’makhalidwe a anthu a m’dzikoli. Mfundo zakusintha kwachuma za boma zidapangitsa kuti mabizinezi azitukuka komanso kuti asiye ulimi monga gwero lalikulu la ntchito. Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale gulu latsopano la ogwira ntchito, lopangidwa ndi ogwira ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale.

Madera Akumidzi ndi Ntchito Zakumatauni

Ngakhale kuti madera akumidzi akukulirakulira komanso kukulirakulira kwachuma, madera akumidzi akupitilizabe kuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri pagulu lachi China. Anthu wamba ambiri asamukira kumizinda kukafunafuna ntchito, koma nthawi zambiri amasalidwa komanso amalandila malipiro ochepa. Boma lakhazikitsa ndondomeko zothana ndi mavutowa, monga dongosolo la Hukou lomwe limapereka mwayi wokhala m’tauni kwa anthu osamukira kumidzi.

Udindo wa Boma ndi Yunivesite

Boma la China likuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakukonza chikhalidwe cha dziko. Lakhazikitsa ndondomeko zolimbikitsa kukula kwachuma ndi kukhazikika kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, monga ndondomeko ya mwana mmodzi ndi kukakamiza kwaposachedwa kwatsopano ndi malonda. Mayunivesite nawonso amatenga nawo gawo pakupanga chikhalidwe cha anthu aku China, chifukwa ali ndi udindo wophunzitsa atsogoleri ndi akatswiri am'badwo wotsatira.

Identity and Employment in Modern China

Pamene China ikupitabe kukula ndikukula, mafunso okhudzana ndi chidziwitso ndi ntchito amakhalabe ofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha dziko. Achinyamata ambiri akuvutika kuti apeze ntchito zomwe zimagwirizana ndi luso lawo ndi zokonda zawo, ndipo pali malingaliro okulirakulira okhumudwa ndi dongosolo lachuma lamakono. Komabe, mphamvu zogwirira ntchito za dzikolo zikupitiriza kukula, ndipo pali chiyembekezo chakuti zaka za zana la 21 zidzabweretsa mwayi watsopano ndi chitukuko kwa anthu onse a ku China.

Mbali Yauzimu ya Chikhalidwe Chachi China: Zikhulupiriro ndi Chipembedzo

Chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku China n’chokhazikika kwambiri pa zinthu zauzimu, zomwe zathandiza kwambiri kuumba mbiri ya dzikolo komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mfundozi zimaonekera mu zikhulupiriro ndi zochita za anthu a ku China, ndipo zaperekedwa ku mibadwomibadwo.

Chikoka cha Kusiyana kwa Magawo pa Zikhulupiriro Zauzimu

China ndi dziko lalikulu lomwe lili ndi zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zachigawo, ndipo izi zimawonekera mu zikhulupiriro zauzimu za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kumadera a kumpoto kwa China, anthu amakonda kutsatira Chitao, pamene kumadera akum’mwera, Chibuda n’chofala kwambiri. Kusiyana kwa zikhulupiriro zauzimu kumawonekeranso muzomangamanga ndi luso la zigawo zosiyanasiyana.

Luso la Calligraphy mu Chikhalidwe cha China

Calligraphy yakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe cha China kwa zaka zambiri. Zinayamba ngati njira yojambulira zidziwitso ndipo zidasintha kukhala zaluso. Zitsanzo zoyambirira kwambiri za zolemba zakale zaku China zidayamba kale ku China, cha m'ma 2000 BCE. Mchitidwe wa calligraphy unkaonedwa kuti ndi chinthu chachipembedzo komanso chofunikira pachikhalidwe cha ku China, ndipo amisiri amatha zaka zambiri akukwaniritsa luso lawo.

Zida ndi Zida Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito mu Calligraphy

Zida zoyambira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu calligraphy ndi inki, maburashi, ndi mapepala. Komabe, ubwino wa zipangizozi ndi mtundu wapadera wa chida chogwiritsidwa ntchito zingakhudze kwambiri zotsatira za calligraphy. Nazi zitsanzo za zida ndi zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu calligraphy:

• Maburashi: Amapangidwa kuchokera ku ubweya wa nyama, monga mbuzi, nkhandwe, kapena akalulu, maburashi amapangidwa mosiyanasiyana komanso mosiyanasiyana. Tsitsi nthawi zambiri limasakanikirana kuti lipange mtundu wina wa burashi ndi makulidwe kapena m'mphepete.
• Inki: Inki yachi China imapangidwa ndi kugaya ndodo pamwala ndi madzi. Chosakanizacho ndi inki yakuda yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu calligraphy. Njira zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito ndodo za inki ziliponso.
• Mapepala: Mapepala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa calligraphy ndi pepala la mpunga, lomwe ndi lochepa thupi ndipo limalola mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maonekedwe ndi makulidwe a mzere. Njira ina ndi pepala loyera, lomwe limapereka mphamvu zambiri pa makulidwe a mizere.

Njira Yopanga Calligraphy

Kupanga ma calligraphy ndi njira yomwe imafuna luso komanso luso. Nazi njira zomwe zimaphatikizidwa popanga calligraphy:

• Kusakaniza inki: Ndodo ya inki imapedwa pamwala ndi madzi kuti ipange inkiyo.
• Kusankha burashi: Burashi imasankhidwa kutengera kalembedwe ndi mtundu wa calligraphy womwe mukufuna.
• Kuwongolera burashi: Burashi imayikidwa mu inki ndipo calligrapher iyenera kulamulira makulidwe ndi mawonekedwe a mizere.
• Kulemba zilembo: Wolemba ma calligrapher amalemba zilembozo, akuyang'anitsitsa kalembedwe ndi mawonekedwe omwe akufuna.
• Kusintha: Pambuyo polemba zilembo, wolemba calligrapher akhoza kusintha kapena kusintha ma calligraphy kuti akwaniritse zotsatira zomwe akufuna.

Mitundu ya Calligraphy

Pali masitaelo osiyanasiyana a calligraphy mu chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina, iliyonse ili ndi mawonekedwe ake enieni. Nawa masitayelo otchuka kwambiri:

• Zolemba zokhazikika: Zomwe zimatchedwanso "kaishu," kalembedwe kameneka kamatengedwa kuti ndi kofunikira kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri polemba tsiku ndi tsiku.
• Running script: Imadziwikanso kuti "xingshu," kalembedwe kameneka kamadziwika ndi mikwingwirima yake yoyenda.
• Seal script: Imadziwikanso kuti "zhuanshu," kalembedwe kameneka kamadziwika ndi zilembo zake zazikulu, zowoneka bwino ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zikalata zovomerezeka.
• Zolemba za clerical: Zomwe zimadziwikanso kuti "lishu," kalembedwe kameneka kamadziwika ndi zikwapu zake zazifupi, zopindika ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zikalata zovomerezeka.

Kuchokera ku Middle Kingdom kupita ku Asia Yonse: Kufalikira kwa Chikhalidwe cha China

Pamene chitukuko cha China chinakula, chinafalikiranso ku Asia, kulimbikitsa ndi kusintha zikhalidwe za mayiko oyandikana nawo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha China ku Asia ndi kalembedwe kake. Zilembo zaku China zasinthidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana kudera lonselo, kuphatikiza Japan, Vietnam, ndi Korea.

Korea, makamaka, idatenga gawo lalikulu pakusunga chikhalidwe cha China. Anthu a ku Korea anafulumira kutengera chikhalidwe cha Chitchaina, ndipo adapanga njira yawo yolembera, Hangul, kuti asunge chilankhulo chawo komanso chikhalidwe chawo. Hangul idapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 15, ndipo ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano ngati njira yolembera chilankhulo cha ku Korea.

Buddhism ndi Zen: Kufalikira kwa Zinthu Zauzimu

Chibuda, chomwe chinachokera ku India, chinayambitsidwa ku China m'nthawi ya ufumu wa Han. Kuchokera ku China, idafalikira ku Korea ndi Japan, komwe idakhala gawo lofunikira pazachikhalidwe komanso zauzimu. Zen, sukulu ya Buddhism yomwe imagogomezera kusinkhasinkha ndi kuzindikira, idachokeranso ku China ndikufalikira kumadera ena a Asia.

Kufalikira kwa Buddhism ndi Zen kunakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe ndi chitukuko chauzimu cha Asia. Mfundo zauzimu zimenezi zinathandiza kuumba mmene anthu ankadzionera okha komanso mmene amaonera dziko.

Boma ndi Kutumiza Kumayiko Ena: Kusungidwa Mothandizidwa ndi Chikhalidwe cha China

Boma la China linathandizanso kwambiri kuti chikhalidwe cha China chifalikire. Boma linalimbikitsa kugulitsa katundu wa ku China, monga silika, tiyi, ndi dothi, zomwe zinathandiza kufalitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku China m’madera ena a ku Asia.

Boma linathandizanso kuteteza chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku China polimbikitsa maphunziro a Confucianism, omwe anatsindika kufunika kwa maphunziro ndi makhalidwe abwino. Confucianism inakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la chikhalidwe ndi nzeru za ku Asia, ndipo ikupitirizabe kusonkhezera momwe anthu amaganizira ndi khalidwe.

Kutsiliza

Chikhalidwe cha China chili ndi mbiri yakale komanso yolemera. Chikhalidwe cha ku China chakhudza kwambiri dziko lapansi, makamaka chikhalidwe cha ku Asia. Chikhalidwe cha China chili ndi mbiri yakale komanso yolemera. Ndi njira yabwino yophunzirira za chikhalidwe cha dziko ndi anthu ake. Choncho musachite mantha kufufuza izo! Mutha kungopeza zomwe mumakonda.

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Maphikidwe apabanja a Bitemybun okhala ndi zokonzera chakudya chokwanira komanso kalozera wazophika.

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Joost Nusselder, yemwe anayambitsa Bite My Bun ndi wotsatsa, bambo ndipo amakonda kuyesa chakudya chatsopano ndi zakudya zaku Japan pamtima pa chilakolako chake, ndipo limodzi ndi gulu lake akhala akupanga zolemba zakuya za blog kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi maphikidwe ndi nsonga zophika.