Kuwunika ku Yōshoku: Zakudya zaku Japan pa Western-style Cuisine

Author: Joost Nusselder, wolemba buku la The Essential Japanese mealner cookbook Zasinthidwa Novembala 14, 2022

Yōshoku ndi mtundu waku Japan wazakudya zakumadzulo. Ndi chakudya chopangidwa kuchokera ku zosakaniza zaku Western ndi zaku Japan zakomweko. Yōshoku amadziwikanso kuti "Yoshoku".

Zimaphatikizapo zakudya monga nkhuku yokazinga, mphodza ya ng'ombe, ndi croquettes.

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The Origin Story of Yoshoku

Masiku Oyambirira

Kalelo, pamene Japan ankangochita malonda ndi Netherlands ndi Portugal (cha m'ma 1863), panali wophika ku Japan pa chilumba cha Dejima ku Nagasaki, dziko la malonda. Wophikayu anali ndi mwayi wapadera wophunzirira kuphika zakudya zaku Western pomwe amagwira ntchito yotsuka mbale ku Dutch Trading Post. Ataphunzira luso la zakudya zakumadzulo, anatsegula malo ake odyera n'kugulitsa zakudya za ku Japan zomwe zinali za Azungu.

Chakudya Chapamwamba cha Elite

Chakudya chakumadzulo poyamba chinkapezeka kwa anthu apamwamba, chifukwa chinkaonedwa kuti ndi chapamwamba. Koma m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, zinayamba kupezeka mofala kwa anthu wamba. Vuto lokhalo linali loti zosakaniza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zakudya za Azungu zinali zovuta kupeza, choncho zoloŵa m'malo nthawi zambiri zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kubadwa kwa Yoshoku

Apa ndipamene ophika aku Japan adalowamo ndikuwonjezera mawonekedwe awo apadera kuti agwirizane ndi kukoma kwa Japan. Ndipo umo ndi mmene Yoshoku, mtundu wa ku Japan wa zakudya za Azungu, anabadwira!

Choncho, ngati mumakonda zakudya zokoma za Azungu zopindika za ku Japan, mukudziwa komwe mungapite!

Lawani Kumadzulo: Zakudya Zakumadzulo Zachijapani

Mpunga wa Curry

Chakudya chamakono cha ku Japan ichi ndi kuphatikiza zakudya ziwiri zomwe zimakonda kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi: Indian ndi English. Zonsezi zidayamba pomwe angerezi adatulukira ufa wa curry ndikubweretsa ku Japan kudzera mu malonda. Kenako, amishonale Achingelezi ndi Achimereka anabweretsa mabuku ophikira okhala ndi maphikidwe a “curry ndi mpunga” m’ma 1860. Anthu a ku Japan anautcha "rice curry" ndipo pamapeto pake unadziwika kuti "curry rice."

Msuzi wa Curry umaphikidwa ndi mbatata yodulidwa, kaloti, nyama, ndi anyezi odulidwa. Malo odyera ndi ophika kunyumba amalola kuti curry ikhale usiku wonse kotero umami wa zosakanizazo ukhoza kusakaniza ndi msuzi ndikupanga kukoma kokoma. Mpunga wa curry nthawi zambiri umaperekedwa ndi radish yoyera yotchedwa Fukujin-zuké 福神漬け, yomwe imazizidwa mu msuzi wa soya ndipo imakhala ndi kukoma kokoma ndi wowawasa komanso kufinya.

Mchele wa curry ndi wokondedwa kwambiri pakati pa ana ndi amuna, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaphikidwa kunyumba.

Om-Rice

Om-rice ndi kuphatikizika kwa omelet waku France ndi mpunga, ndi nkhuku yokazinga-yokazinga ndi ketchup. Zimawoneka ndi kukoma kosiyana malinga ndi yemwe akuzipanga, koma anthu ambiri amalingalira za ketchup-mpunga wokutidwa ndi dzira woonda komanso wothira ketchup kapena demi glace msuzi. Ndizosavuta kupanga komanso zokondedwa pakati pa ana, choncho nthawi zambiri zimaphikidwa kunyumba.

Koloko

Korokké ndi mtundu waku Japan wa croquette waku Western. Anadziwitsidwa ku Japan pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 1870 pamene Japan anali kuyesa kuphunzira kuchokera ku chitukuko cha Western Western. Korokké amapangidwa ndi mbatata yosenda, anyezi, ndi ng'ombe ya minced. Ndi yosalala kunja ndi yofewa mkati.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya Korokké, kuphatikiza:

• Menchi katsu: Ng'ombe yang'ombe ndi anyezi
• Cheese iri menchi katsu: Menchi katsu yokhala ndi tchizi pakati
• Kani Cream Korokké: Msuzi woyera wophika mkate wokhala ndi nyama ya nkhanu
• Kabocha Korokké: Korokké yoyambira koma kugwiritsa ntchito dzungu lophwanyidwa m'malo mwa mbatata yosenda
• Curry Korokké: mbatata yosenda ndi curry
• Guratan Korokké: Macaroni wophika mkate woyera nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi shrimp

Korokké ndi chakudya chodziwika bwino cham'mbali kapena chokhwasula-khwasula ndipo chimapezeka pafupifupi m'masitolo akuluakulu aliwonse. Mabutchala am'deralo amakondanso kugulitsa ngati zokhwasula-khwasula.

Hamburg

Hamburg, kapena "Hamburg steak", ndi chakudya chomwe chinachokera ku doko la Hamburg, Germany. Idabweretsedwa ku America ndi osamukira ku Germany ndipo pamapeto pake adapita ku Japan dzikolo litatsegulidwa kuti achite malonda apadziko lonse m'ma 1850. Hamburg amapangidwa kuti aziyenda bwino ndi mpunga, kotero ilibe bun.

Hamburg ndi chakudya chodziwika bwino pakati pa ana ndipo nthawi zambiri amaphikidwa kunyumba. Nthawi zambiri amatumizidwa ndi masamba owiritsa kapena okazinga komanso okongoletsedwa ndi imodzi mwa ma sauces ambiri omwe alipo.

Zakudya Zokoma za Yoshoku

Yoshoku ndi chiyani?

Yōshoku ndi mtundu wa Zakudya zaku Japan zomwe zimaphatikiza njira zophikira zaku Western ndi zosakaniza zachikhalidwe zaku Japan. Ndi njira yapadera komanso yokoma yosangalalira zina zabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi!

Zakudya Zosangalatsa za Yoshoku

Zakudya za Yōshoku ndizotsimikizika kuti zidzakusangalatsani! Nazi zina mwazakudya zotchuka kwambiri:

• Korokke: makoswe okazinga kwambiri opangidwa ndi mbatata yosenda, ng'ombe yapansi, ndi masamba
• Msuzi wa Kirimu: mphodza yokoma yopangidwa ndi masamba, nkhuku, ndi mbatata
• Tarako Spaghetti: Japanese tarako (cod roe) spaghetti
• Tonkatsu: nyama yankhumba yokazinga kwambiri
• Mpunga wa Hayashi: Msuzi wa ng'ombe wa ku Japan ndi anyezi woperekedwa pa mpunga
• Chicken nanban: nkhuku yokazinga yothira vinyo wosasa ndi msuzi wa tartar
• Piroshiki: mabasi okazinga kwambiri odzazidwa ndi ng'ombe ndi ndiwo zamasamba
• Oyster wokazinga kwambiri: mbale yapamwamba ya ku Japan
• prawn yokazinga: njira yokoma yosangalalira ndi nsomba zam'madzi
• Beefsteak: nyama yankhumba yokhala ndi msuzi waku Japan
• Naporitan: ketchup spaghetti ndi soseji ndi masamba
• Spaghetti ya bowa waku Japan: Msuzi wa soya waku Japan ndi spaghetti ya bowa
• Spaghetti ya Ankake: sipaghetti wokometsera wokometsera wophimbidwa ndi msuzi wochokera ku Nagoya
• Nattō spaghetti: sipaghetti yokhala ndi kununkhira kwapadera kwa soya
• Spaghetti zakuthengo zodyedwa: mbale yapadera komanso yokoma
• Spaghetti ya tuna: mbale yachikale yaku Japan
• Spaghetti ya Mizore: mizore inachokera ku dzina la chipale chofewa cha ku Japan
• Nkhuku yokazinga (nkhuku katsu): chakudya chodziwika bwino
• Ng'ombe yang'ombe (katsu): njira yokoma yosangalalira ndi ng'ombe
• Menchi katsu: ng'ombe yokazinga kwambiri ndi nkhumba za nkhumba
• Mpunga wa ku Turkey (torukorice): pilaf wokongoletsedwa ndi curry, spaghetti ya naporitan, ndi tonkatsu ndi msuzi wa Demi-glace
• Mikkusu sando: masangweji osiyanasiyana, makamaka saladi ya dzira, ham, ndi cutlet
• Gratin: mbale yokoma ndi tchizi
• Doria: pilaf wokazinga ndi msuzi wa béchamel ndi tchizi

Zakudya za Yōshoku ndizotsimikizika kusangalatsa aliyense patebulo! Kaya mukuyang'ana china chake chotonthoza komanso chodziwika bwino kapena china chatsopano komanso chosangalatsa, Yōshoku ili ndi china chake kwa aliyense. Ndiye bwanji osayesa lero?

Zida Zofunikira Popangira Zakudya Zokoma za Yoshoku

Zomwe Muli Nazo Kale

Ngati mukuyang'ana kukwapula mbale za yoshoku, muli ndi mwayi! Mwinamwake muli kale ndi zosakaniza zambiri zomwe mukufunikira kukhitchini yanu. Zomwe mukufunikira ndi ketchup pang'ono, msuzi wa worcestershire, ndi poto yokazinga ndipo mwakonzeka kupita!

Zida Zotengera Zakudya Zanu Pagawo Lotsatira

Ngati mukuyang'ana kuti mutenge mbale zanu za yoshoku pamlingo wina, pali zida zina zowonjezera zomwe mukufuna kukhala nazo. Nayi mndandanda wazinthu zomwe muyenera kukhala nazo kwa aliyense wofuna kuphika yoshoku:

• Omurice Mold: Chida ichi chimakuthandizani kuti mupange combo yabwino kwambiri ya omelet-mpunga.
• Frying Pan: Choyenera kukhala nacho pa mbale iliyonse ya yoshoku.
• Ketchup: Chofunikira kwambiri pazakudya zambiri za yoshoku.
• Msuzi wa Worcestershire: Wina wofunikira pa mbale iliyonse ya yoshoku.

Nyama Yoletsedwa: Mbiri ya Yoshoku

Nthawi ya Meiji: Nthawi Yosintha

Nyengo ya Meiji (1868-1912) inali nthaŵi ya kusintha kwakukulu ku Japan. Commodore Matthew Perry atapita ku Kurihama mu 1853, dziko la Japan linayamba kusintha mofulumira kwambiri. Izi zinatanthauza kusintha kwakukulu, kuphatikizapo chikhalidwe cha chakudya. Isanafike nthawiyi, anthu ankadana ndi kudya nyama, chifukwa cha kuyambika kwa Chibuda ndi Chishinto, komanso lamulo la Mfumu Tenmu loletsa kupha ndi kudya nyama nthawi zina za chaka (675 AD).

Zoletsedwa Zimakhala Zotchuka

Koma zonsezo zinasintha mu 1872 pamene mfumu ya Meiji inayamba kudya nyama yang’ombe ndi nkhosa. Mwadzidzidzi, ng’ombe ndi nkhumba zinali paliponse! Malo odyera adayamba kuonekera m'dziko lonselo, ndikugulitsa zakudya zokoma ngati Sukiyaki (gyunabe 牛鍋). Anthu sakanatha kudya chakudya choletsedwachi.

Yoshoku: Njira Yatsopano Yodyera

Koma nthawi ya Meiji inabweretsanso chinthu china: Yoshoku. Njira yatsopanoyi yodyera yophatikiza zosakaniza zachikhalidwe zaku Japan ndi njira zophikira zaku Western. Zakudya monga omurice (mpunga wa omelette), hayashi mpunga (nyama yang'ombe ndi anyezi pa mpunga) ndi korokke (croquettes) zinabadwa. Zakudya izi zinali zotchuka kwambiri kotero kuti zikudyedwabe mpaka pano! Ndiye mukadzabweranso ku Japan, musaiwale kuyesa Yoshoku. Simudzanong'oneza bondo.

Kalozera wa Zakudya za Yoshoku: Zakale 5 Zomwe Muyenera Kuyesa

Mpunga wa Curry

Iyi ndiye mbale yomwe idayambitsa zonse! Curry adabweretsedwa ku Japan koyamba ndi akuluakulu a British Royal Navy kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19. Zinali zokhudzidwa ndi a Imperial Japan Navy, omwe anali akukumana ndi mliri wa beriberi chifukwa cha kusowa kwa vitamini B. Pofuna kuthana ndi izi, adasakaniza tirigu mu curry, ndipo voila! Mliri wa beriberi unathetsedwa.

Koma si zokhazo - mbatata, kaloti, ndi anyezi zinawonjezeredwa kusakaniza ndi pulofesa wa ku America William Clark wa Sapporo Agricultural College. Iyi inali njira yabwino yowonjezeretsera mbale panthawi yakusowa kwa mpunga.

Masiku ano, curry yaku Japan imatumizidwa Lachisanu lililonse ku Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, ndipo sitima iliyonse imakhala ndi njira yakeyake yachinsinsi. Nawa maphikidwe ena kuti muyambe:

• Nkhuku Curry
• Pressure Cooker Seafood Curry
• Momwe Mungapangire Curry Roux

Doria

Doria ndi casserole yophikidwa, yomwe ili ndi mpunga wothira ndi msuzi woyera, tchizi, ndi zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana. Idapangidwa m'ma 1930 ndi Saly Weil, wophika wamkulu woyamba ku Hotel New Grand ku Yokohama.

Nkhaniyi ikuti wogwila ntchito ku banki ku Switzerland yemwe ankakhala ku hoteloyo anadwala ndipo anapempha chinthu chosavuta kuchigaya. Choncho, wophikayo anaphatikiza pilaf (mpunga wophikidwa mu msuzi ndi ndiwo zamasamba) ndi shrimp yophikidwa mu kirimu msuzi, kenako amaphika mu uvuni mpaka golide wofiira.

Nawa maphikidwe ena omwe mungayesere:

• Curry Doria
• Nyama Doria

Napolitan (Pasta ya Ketchup)

Ichi ndi chakudya chapadera cha ku Japan, chomwe chili ndi udon-soft spaghetti-yokazinga ndi masamba ndi nyama, komanso yokoma ndi ketchup. Idapangidwa nthawi yankhondo itatha ku New Grand Hotel ku Yokohama, komwe kudali asitikali aku US.

Pokhala ndi zokolola zochepa zogwirira ntchito, wophika wamkuluyo adalimbikitsidwa ndi asitikali aku America omwe amadya sipaghetti ndi ketchup. Anasinthanitsa ketchup ndi phwetekere puree, anawonjezera anyezi odulidwa, ham, ndi bowa, ndi voila! Mbaleyo idadziwika kunja kwa hoteloyo ndipo idagwira maso a aku Japan.

Chinsinsi cha mbale iyi ndi Zakudyazi - amawiritsidwa kudutsa al dente, kuti asagwirizane. Izi zimapereka mbale kuti ikhale yofewa.

Tonkatsu

Tonkatsu amapangidwa ndi “Ton” = nkhumba ndi “Katsu” = cotelette (mawu achi French otanthauza kagawo kakang’ono ka nyama yamwana wang’ombe, nkhumba, kapena nyama yankhosa yomwe yaphikidwa ndi yokazinga kwambiri). Chakudya chodziwika bwinochi chinayamba mu 1899, ku Rengatei (煉瓦亭) ku Ginza.

Kalelo, ankatumikira makasitomala "Nkhumba Cutlet" (豚肉 の カ ツ レ ツ), yomwe inali magawo a nkhumba zophikidwa mu batala, kenako zophikidwa mu uvuni. Chakudyacho nthawi zonse chinali limodzi ndi mbali ya masamba otenthedwa.

Koma pankhondo ya Russo-Japan (1904-1905), panali kusoŵa kwakukulu kwa antchito. Chifukwa chake, wophika wamkuluyo adaganiza zoveka nyamayo mu batter yofanana ndi tempura, kenako mwachangu mwachangu. Zamasamba zophikidwa ndi nthunzi pambuyo pake zinasinthidwa ndi kabichi wonyezimira, yemwe ankakondedwa chifukwa cha kukonzekera kwake mwamsanga ndi kupezeka kwa chaka chonse.

Nawa maphikidwe ena omwe mungayesere:

• Baked Tonkatsu
• Tonkatsu Yopanda Gluten

Kubadwa kwa Yoshoku: Tale of Westernization

Nthawi ya Meiji: Nthawi Yosintha

Nyengo ya Meiji inali nthaŵi ya kusintha kwakukulu kwa Japan. Dzikoli linkayang'ana Kumadzulo kuti lilimbikitse momwe angasinthire, ndipo boma linali kulimbikitsa kudya nyama monga chizindikiro cha anthu owunikiridwa. Kumeneku kunali kusintha kwakukulu pa zakudya zamwambo za Chibuda, zimene zinaletsa kupha nyama kuti tipeze chakudya.

Kutuluka kwa Yoshoku

Zakudya zachizungu zomwe zinali kutchuka ku Japan poyamba zinali zofikiridwa ndi anthu odala. Koma mbiri ya mbale zokomazo inafalikira ku chikhalidwe cha plebeian cha Asakusa, ndipo posakhalitsa malo odyera a m’derali anali kupereka mbale za yōshoku. Anthu anali ofunitsitsa kuyesa zakudya zatsopanozi, ndipo tsopano amatha kusangalala nazo ndi zopereka zachikhalidwe za ku Japan monga sake, mpunga, ndi miso supu.

The Yoshoku Craze

Nkhanza ya yōshoku inali itakula, ndipo inali yotchuka ngakhale pakati pa Angelezi, amene ankadziŵika ndi kukonda kwawo nyama ya ng’ombe. Ng’ombe ya Kobe ndi nyama ya ng’ombe ya Yonezawa inayamba kukhala mayina apabanja, ndipo anthu anali kukhamukira m’malesitilanti kuti akamve kukoma kwa nyama yanthete, yophikidwa ndi nsangalabwi. Inali nthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu, ndipo craze ya yōshoku inali gawo lalikulu la izo.

Kutsiliza

Yōshoku ndi mtundu wapadera wa zakudya zaku Japan zomwe zimaphatikiza zosakaniza zachikhalidwe zaku Japan ndi njira zophikira zaku Western. Ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopezera zabwino zonse padziko lapansi, ndipo ndi njira yabwino yoyesera china chatsopano komanso chosangalatsa. Kaya mukuyang'ana chakudya chamadzulo chokoma kapena njira yapadera yosangalatsira anzanu, yōshoku ndiye njira yopitira! Ingokumbukirani kuti musamalire luso lanu la chopstick ndipo musaope kuyesa china chatsopano - simudziwa ukadaulo waukadaulo womwe mungapeze! Ndipo musaiwale kukhala ndi nthawi yabwino - pambuyo pake, Yōshoku ili ndi zokometsera za FUNdamental!

Onani bukhu lathu latsopano lophika

Maphikidwe apabanja a Bitemybun okhala ndi zokonzera chakudya chokwanira komanso kalozera wazophika.

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Joost Nusselder, yemwe anayambitsa Bite My Bun ndi wotsatsa, bambo ndipo amakonda kuyesa chakudya chatsopano ndi zakudya zaku Japan pamtima pa chilakolako chake, ndipo limodzi ndi gulu lake akhala akupanga zolemba zakuya za blog kuyambira 2016 kuthandiza owerenga okhulupirika ndi maphikidwe ndi nsonga zophika.