Isiko lamaShayina: Umbono Wesifunda Nesakhiwo Senhlalo

About the Author: Joost Nusselder, umbhali wencwadi yokupheka ye-Essential Japanese meal planner cookbook Kubuyekezwe Agasti 26, 2022

Isiko lamaShayina linomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni futhi selisabalele kulo lonke elase-Asia. Kuyi-tapestry ecebile yamasiko nemikhuba eye yavela phakathi nezinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Isiko lamaShayina laqala ukusabalala kulo lonke elase-Asia ngesikhathi sasendulo, lapho kwakhiwa i-Great Wall yaseChina. Kwakuwubufakazi bamandla abantu baseShayina kanye nekhono labo lokulawula izakhi zamanzi.

Ake sibheke umsuka wesiko lamaShayina nokuthi lasakazeka kanjani kulo lonke elase-Asia.

Bheka incwadi yethu entsha yokupheka

Izindlela zokupheka zomndeni wakwa-Bitemybun ezinohlelo lokudla oluphelele kanye nomhlahlandlela weresiphi.

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I-Vibrant Tapestry of Chinese Culture e-Asia

Isiko lamaShayina linendima eqinile emlandweni wase-Asia, kusukela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Ukwakhiwa koDonga Olukhulu lwaseShayina kuwubufakazi besiko lasendulo labantu baseShayina. Emazweni aphansi, amaShayina ayenokulawula okukhulu phezu kwezakhi zamanzi, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezitayela eziyingqayizivele zezakhiwo nezokwakha. AmaShayina aphinde asungula indlela evelele yokubhala amagama, eyathonya kakhulu amanye amaqembu e-Asia.

Ukusabalala Kwamasiko AseShayina

Isiko lamaShayina laqala ukusabalala kulo lonke elase-Asia enkathini yasendulo, kwalandelwa inkathi eyaziwa kakhulu yoBukhosi BamaTang. Amaqembu ahlukene e-Asia athatha isiko lamaShayina ngendlela yawo, okwaholela ekudaleni amakhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zesiko lamaShayina. Indlela yamaShayina yokufunda yayinzima, kodwa yaphumela ezingeni elikhulu lolwazi olwadluliselwa phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.

Iqhaza Lamasiko AseShayina E-Asia Namuhla

Isiko lamaShayina lisasebenza e-Asia yanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokudla, ubuciko, kanye nokuklama. AmaShayina abeka indinganiso yokulawula okuphelele nokweqiniso phezu kwezakhi zomklamo, okuholela ekudaleni izingcezu ezinhle nezisebenzayo. AmaShayina nawo aba nethonya elinamandla ekuthuthukisweni kwesiko laseKorea, okwaphumela ebudlelwaneni obuvamile phakathi kwamaShayina namaKorea.

Umfula Ophuzi kanye Namasiko AseShayina

Umfula Ophuzi wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isiko lamaShayina. Umfula wawunikeza amanzi okunisela, okwavumela amaShayina ukuba akhule izitshalo futhi athuthukise umnotho oqinile wezolimo. Umfula ubuye waba neqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kobuciko nezincwadi zamaShayina, njengoba izinkondlo nemidwebo eminingi yamaShayina iveza izigcawu zasemfuleni.

Ubunzima Obuhlobene Bokufunda Isiko LamaShayina

Ukufunda isiko lamaShayina kungase kube nzima, njengoba kuhilela ukuqonda imiqondo nemibono eyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, izinga lolwazi nokuqonda eliwumphumela liwufanele umzamo. Isiko lamaShayina libe nomthelela omkhulu e-Asia nasemhlabeni, futhi lisaqhubeka nokuba yingxenye ephilayo nebalulekile ye-tapestry yamasiko omhlaba.

Izigaba Zendawo Zamasiko AseShayina: Ukuhlola Imithelela Yesifunda

Isiko lasendulo lamaShayina laziwa ngezizukulwane zalo ezinkulu nezinwetshiwe, inkathi ngayinye imele inkathi ebalulekile emlandweni waseShayina. Ubukhosi be-Ming ne-Qing yibo obuyinhloko obuhlanganisa inani elikhulu leminyaka, futhi izinsalela zabo zezakhiwo zisabonakala ezifundeni eziningi zaseChina. Isifunda saseHuizhou esiseNingizimu ne-Anhui saziwa ngezakhiwo zaso eziyingqayizivele, ezinezakhiwo zokuhlala ezakhiwa ngesikhathi se-Ming ne-Qing. Imindeni ecebile kulesi sifunda yavela ngesikhathi se-feudalism, futhi yabusa umhlaba omningi. Izinsalela zezakhiwo kulesi sifunda zibuswa amalungu angamasosha namasosha ohlelo lokuhlolwa kombuso, azame ukuqeda isiko le-feudalism.

• Isifunda saseHuizhou eSouthern Anhui saziwa ngesakhiwo saso esiyingqayizivele
• Izakhiwo zokuhlala zakhiwa ngesikhathi se-Ming ne-Qing
• Imindeni ecebile yavela ngesikhathi se-feudalism futhi yabusa inani elikhulu lomhlaba
• Izinsalela zezakhiwo kulesi sifunda zibuswa amalungu angamasosha namasosha ohlelo lokuhlolwa kombuso

Kusukela kubalimi kuya kubasebenzi: I-Evolution of Chinese Social Structure

Umphakathi waseShayina ubulokhu ubonakala ngomqondo oqinile womphakathi kanye nezikhundla zomphakathi. Ezinsukwini zokuqala zempucuko yaseShayina, izigaba zenhlalo zazinqunywa kakhulu ngomsebenzi womuntu, abalimi kanye nezingcweti zezandla ezakha iningi labantu. Umnotho wezolimo wawuwumgogodla womphakathi waseShayina, futhi ukufuywa kwezitshalo nezilwane kwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kwemiphakathi ezinzile kanye nokukhula kwamadolobha.

Umbuso Ophakathi kanye Nekilasi Labasebenzi

Njengoba iShayina ikhula iba amandla amakhulu kwezomnotho ekhulwini lama-20, kwenzeka ushintsho olukhulu esimisweni sezenhlalo sezwe. Izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni zezinguquko kwezomnotho zaholela ekukhuleni kwamabhizinisi azimele kanye nokusuka kwezolimo njengomthombo oyinhloko wokuqashwa. Lokhu kwaholela ekuqhamukeni kwesigaba esisha sabasebenzi, esakhiwe izisebenzi nabasebenzi basefemini.

Imiphakathi Yasemakhaya kanye Nemisebenzi Yasemadolobheni

Naphezu kokukhula kwezindawo zasemadolobheni kanye nokwanda komnotho, imiphakathi yasemaphandleni iyaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza elibalulekile emphakathini waseShayina. Abalimi abaningi baye bathuthela emadolobheni beyofuna umsebenzi, kodwa ngokuvamile babhekana nokucwaswa namaholo amancane. Uhulumeni usesebenzise izinqubomgomo zokubhekana nalezi zinkinga, njengohlelo lweHukou olunikeza abafuduki basemaphandleni ukuhlala emadolobheni.

Iqhaza Likahulumeni kanye Nenyuvesi

Uhulumeni waseShayina udlala indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni isimo senhlalo yezwe. Isebenzise izinqubomgomo zokukhuthaza ukukhula komnotho kanye nokuzinza kwezenhlalo, njengenqubomgomo yomntwana oyedwa kanye nomkhankaso wakamuva wokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye namabhizinisi. Amanyuvesi nawo abamba iqhaza ekulolongeni umphakathi waseShayina, njengoba anesibopho sokufundisa isizukulwane esilandelayo sabaholi nochwepheshe.

Ubunikazi Nokuqashwa E-China Yanamuhla

Njengoba iShayina iqhubeka nokukhula futhi ithuthuka, imibuzo yokuthi ungubani kanye nokuqashwa isalokhu iwumgogodla wesakhiwo senhlalo yezwe. Intsha eningi idonsa kanzima ukuthola imisebenzi ehambisana namakhono nezithakazelo zayo, futhi kuyanda umuzwa wokudumazeka ngesimiso esikhona sezomnotho. Nokho, amandla okukhiqiza ezwe ayaqhubeka anda, futhi kunethemba lokuthi ikhulu lama-21 lizoletha amathuba amasha nokuchuma kwabo bonke abantu baseShayina.

Uhlangothi Lokomoya Lwesiko LaseShayina: Izinkolelo Nenkolo

Isiko lamaShayina ligxile kakhulu ezintweni ezingokomoya, ezibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekulolongeni umlando nomphakathi wezwe. Lezi zindinganiso zibonakala ezinkolelweni nasemikhubeni yabantu baseShayina, futhi ziye zadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Umthelela Womehluko Wesifunda Ezinkolelweni Zomoya

I-China iyizwe elikhulu elinamasiko esifunda ahlukahlukene, futhi lokhu kubonakala ezinkolelweni ezingokomoya zabantu. Ngokwesibonelo, ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeShayina, abantu bathambekele ekulandeleni ubuTao, ​​kuyilapho ezifundeni eziseningizimu, ubuBuddha budlange kakhulu. Umehluko ezinkolelweni ezingokomoya ubonakala futhi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo nobuciko bezifunda ezihlukahlukene.

Ubuciko Be-Calligraphy Esikweni LaseShayina

I-calligraphy ibilokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yesiko lamaShayina amakhulu eminyaka. Yaqala njengendlela yokurekhoda ulwazi futhi yashintsha yaba uhlobo lobuciko. Izibonelo zokuqala ze-calligraphy yamaShayina zibuyela emuva ezikhathini zasendulo zaseShayina, cishe ngo-2000 BCE. Umkhuba we-calligraphy wawubhekwa njengento engokwenkolo nebalulekile yesiko lamaShayina, futhi abadwebi babechitha iminyaka bephelelisa ubuciko babo.

Amathuluzi Nezinto Ezisetshenziswa Ku-Calligraphy

Amathuluzi ayisisekelo asetshenziswa ku-calligraphy uyinki, amabhulashi, nephepha. Kodwa-ke, ikhwalithi yalezi zinto kanye nohlobo oluthile lwethuluzi elisetshenzisiwe lingathinta kakhulu i-calligraphy ewumphumela. Nazi ezinye izibonelo zamathuluzi nezinto ezisetshenziswa ku-calligraphy:

• Amabhulashi: Enziwe ngoboya bezilwane, njengembuzi, impisi, noma unogwaja, amabhulashi ahlukahluka ngobukhulu nobukhulu. Izinwele zivame ukuxutshwa ukuze zenze uhlobo oluthile lwebhulashi ngogqinsi oluthile noma umphetho.
• Uyinki: Uyinki womdabu waseShayina wenziwa ngokugaya uthi lukayinki etsheni ngamanzi. Ingxube ewumphumela iyinki emnyama esetshenziswa kabanzi ku-calligraphy. Izindlela zanamuhla zokukhetha izinti zikayinki nazo ziyatholakala.
• Iphepha: Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwephepha olusetshenziswa ku-calligraphy yiphepha lelayisi, elincanyana futhi livumela ukuhlukahluka kobunjwa nobukhulu bemigqa. Okunye okuhlukile yiphepha elimhlophe, elinikeza ukulawula okwengeziwe phezu kobukhulu bemigqa.

Inqubo Yokudala I-Calligraphy

Ukudala i-calligraphy kuyinqubo edinga ikhono nobuciko. Nazi izinyathelo ezijwayelekile ezihilelekile ekudaleni i-calligraphy:

• Ukuxuba uyinki: Induku ye-inki igaywa etsheni ngamanzi ukuze kwakheke uyinki.
• Ukukhetha ibhulashi: Ibhulashi likhethwa ngokusekelwe kwisitayela esithile kanye nekhwalithi ye-calligraphy oyifunayo.
• Ukulawula ibhulashi: Ibhulashi licwiliswe kuyinki futhi i-calligrapher kufanele ilawule ukujiya nokuma kwemigqa.
• Ukubhala abalingiswa: Umdwebi we-calligrapher ubhala izinhlamvu, enaka kakhulu isitayela esithile kanye nefomu elifiswayo.
• Ukuhlela: Ngemva kokuba izinhlamvu zibhaliwe, i-calligrapher ingase ihlele noma ilungise i-calligraphy ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela oyifunayo.

Izitayela ze-Calligraphy

Kunezitayela eziningi ezahlukene ze-calligraphy esikweni lamaShayina, ngasinye sinezici zayo ezithile. Nazi ezinye zezitayela ezivelele kakhulu:

• Umbhalo ojwayelekile: Okwaziwa nangokuthi “kaishu,” lesi sitayela sithathwa njengesiyisisekelo futhi sisetshenziswa kabanzi ekubhaleni kwansuku zonke.
• Umbhalo osebenzayo: Okwaziwa nangokuthi “i-xingshu,” lesi sitayela sibonakala ngemivimbo yaso egelezayo, elandelanayo.
• I-Seal script: Eyaziwa nangokuthi "zhuanshu," lesi sitayela saziwa ngezikwele zaso, izinhlamvu ze-blocky futhi sasetshenziselwa imibhalo esemthethweni.
• Umbhalo wobufundisi: Okwaziwa nangokuthi “lishu,” lesi sitayela sibonakala ngemivimbo yaso emifushane, ecijile futhi sasetshenziselwa imibhalo esemthethweni.

Ukusuka Embusweni Ophakathi Ukuya Kuyo yonke I-Asia: Ukusabalala Kwamasiko AseShayina

Njengoba impucuko yaseShayina ithuthuka, yasakazekela nase-Asia yonkana, ithonya futhi ibumba amasiko amazwe angomakhelwane. Omunye weminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu yesiko lamaShayina e-Asia uhlelo lwayo lokubhala. Izinhlamvu zesiShayina zishintshiwe futhi zasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene kuso sonke isifunda, okuhlanganisa iJapan, Vietnam, neKorea.

IKorea, ikakhulukazi, yabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekulondolozeni isiko lamaShayina. Abantu baseKorea bashesha ukwamukela isiko lamaShayina, futhi bazenzela uhlelo lwabo lokubhala, i-Hangul, ukuze balondoloze ubuqotho bolimi lwabo namasiko. I-Hangul yadalwa ngekhulu le-15, futhi isasetshenziswa nanamuhla njengohlelo lokubhala olusemthethweni lolimi lwesiKorea.

UbuBuddha kanye neZen: Ukusabalala Kwamagugu Angokomoya

UbuBuddha, obavela eNdiya, baziswa eShayina ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaHan. Ukusuka eChina, yasakazekela eKorea naseJapane, lapho yaba ingxenye ebalulekile yezwe lamasiko nengokomoya. I-Zen, isikole seBuddhism esigcizelela ukuzindla nokufunda, nayo yavela eShayina futhi yasakazekela kwezinye izingxenye ze-Asia.

Ukusabalala kweBuddhism neZen kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamasiko nangokomoya e-Asia. Lezi zimiso ezingokomoya zasiza ekulolongeni indlela abantu ababecabanga ngayo ngabo kanye nendawo yabo emhlabeni.

Uhulumeni Nokuthekelisa: Ukulondolozwa Kwesiko LamaShayina Okusizwayo

Uhulumeni waseShayina naye wabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekusakazeni isiko lamaShayina. Uhulumeni wakhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla zamaShayina, okuhlanganisa usilika, itiye nobumba, okwasiza ekusakazeni isiko lamaShayina kwezinye izingxenye zase-Asia.

Uhulumeni wabuye wasiza ekulondolozeni isiko lamaShayina ngokukhuthaza ukucwaninga ngobuConfucian, okwagcizelela ukubaluleka kwemfundo nezindinganiso zokuziphatha. UbuConfucian baba ingxenye ebalulekile yenkambiso yamasiko nezobuhlakani zase-Asia, futhi buyaqhubeka buthonya indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo nabaziphatha ngayo.

Isiphetho

Isiko lamaShayina linomlando omude futhi ocebile. Isiko lamaShayina libe nomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi isiko lase-Asia. Isiko lamaShayina linomlando omude futhi ocebile. Kuyindlela enhle yokufunda ngamasiko ezwe kanye nabantu balo. Ngakho ungesabi ukuyihlola! Ungase uthole nje into oyithandayo.

Bheka incwadi yethu entsha yokupheka

Izindlela zokupheka zomndeni wakwa-Bitemybun ezinohlelo lokudla oluphelele kanye nomhlahlandlela weresiphi.

Yizame mahhala nge-Kindle Unlimited:

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UJoost Nusselder, umsunguli weBite My Bun ungumthengisi wokuqukethwe, ubaba futhi uthanda ukuzama ukudla okusha ngokudla kwaseJapan enhliziyweni yothando lwakhe, futhi kanye nethimba lakhe ubelokhu enza izindatshana zebhulogi ezijulile kusukela ngo-2016 ukusiza abafundi abathembekile ngezindlela zokupheka namathiphu okupheka.